Communication: Meaning, Types and characteristics:
- The concept of proximal development reduced to educational communication was developed by
- Lev Vygotsky, – According to vygotsky, the area of proximal development refers to the difference between the work that the child can do independently and the work done with the help of others.
- It is also called sociocultural theory. Because the development of a child takes place through society. The child learns the language through social interaction.
- A teacher tells his students – when you learn this you will be able to carry out your projects what does this communication suggests positive reinforcement.
- The factor which affects teaching in a positive learning environment in an institution – positive reinforcement.
- It helps to build motivation among student learners in the classroom.
- Instructional communication in the distance education mode is structured and interactive.
- This kind of verbal communication is mostly structured and formal in nature.
- Instructional variety involving teacher’s variability and flexibility during presentation is a key behaviour of effective teaching.
- The pitch of the teacher’s voice in the classroom is described as
- paralinguistic
- The components of paralanguage communication includes Voice, Emphasis, and Impression
- Pitch of the voice
- Use of pause to modify the tone
- Rate and volume of speech for modulation
- Micro expression as part of classroom communication is fleeting
- Fleeting changes that occur in facial expressions of teachers in a classroom are described as micro-momentary movements.
- New forms of facial expressions of teachers in a classroom are described significant part of non-verbal communication.
- Expressive communication is driven by Encoder’s personality characteristics
- Mini summaries at the end of each class are called verbal signposting
- Signs are considered as secondary products of Channelisation.
- In the communication process, signs derive meanings through the network of inter-relations.
- communication in the classroom takes place on the following levels Surfacial meaning
- in the context of classroom, The sender and reciever of messages are in direct contact. so the transactions happens at surfacial level.
- When it happens at such superficial level the level of understanding between teacher and students are least.
- So inorder to achieve intended learning outcome teachers has to develop listening capability.
- A: Defining the objectives of the topic of discussion is not necessarily the first step in classroom communication
- R: Clear definitions of objectives make students understand the topic well
- A is false but R is true
- A good communicator begins his/her presentation in classroom with a Ice-breaker.
- So that to bring attention of learners to the learning environment.
- It involves various non-verbal communication like facial expression before defining the objectives.
- An important element in classroom communication is Fields of experience.
- Such expressions facilitates beginning of a dynamic pattern of ideas that helps to build cognitive mapping
- It brings greater clarity and completeness in the meaning of communication.
- A: the spoken and written words are two media of many available for communication in the classroom
- R: communication through any medium does not happen through the attitude of encoders
- A is true but R is false
- The communication which is valid as documentary evidence is written communication
- For an effective communication, competency the domain of personality and attitude of teachers is significant.
- In the linear model of communication, the expected result is
- semantic accuracy
- In the linear model of communication, ‘noises’ are introduced as an important variable
- So, semantic accuracy is taken care to prepare a structured content.
- For instance, A university teacher makes a very effective expository presentation.
- semantic accuracy
- A verbal communication technique used in teaching is Varying the speed of voice and tone
- the important element a teacher has to take cognizance of while addressing students in a classroom voice modulation.
- When there is an animated discussion between a teacher and his or her students in the classroom it can be classified as Horizontal communication.
- Which of the following groups has the components of paralanguage communication? Voice, Emphasis, and Impression
- Pitch of the voice
- Use of pause
- Rate and volume of speech – constitutes paralanguage in communication.
- A verbal communication technique used in teaching is
- Varying the speed of voice and tone
- Advantages of feedback in the process of communication from the following – It clarifies the communication
- Cyclical process of communication = Message—> Sender —> Encoding —> Communication Channel —> Receiver —> Decoding —> Acting —> Feedback
- the correct sequence of decoding process of communication in the classroom –Sensory involvement, Interpretation, Evaluation, Feedback.
- Identify the communication which is valid as documentary evidence from the following
- written communication
- The spoken and written words are two media of many available for communication in the classroom.
- Types of communication and Distinguishing example
- Formal communication – memos
- Informal communication – Group chain
- Outward communication – governmental agencies
- Inward communication – circular
- Formal communication is a systematic and orderly flow of information.
- Identify the correct sequence of one way process of communication, from the following sequence
- Sender, encoding, Messages, channel, Decoding, Reciever
- A communication process can be considered complete when the receiver understands the message.
- It clarifies the communicator after getting a feedback
- Identify the technical term used to describe body language Kinesics
- Tactile communication – Haptics – Haptic communication is a branch of nonverbal communication that refers to the ways in which people and animals communicate and interact via the sense of touch. Eg. Postures, gestures, head nods etc.
- Chronemics is the study of the role of time in communication
- Proxemics The branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others
- Column-1(Basis) and column-2(Description)
- Cognitive – ability to relate to other
- Emotional – ability to articulate an idea
- social – ability to read others facial expressions
- verbal – ability to solve an abstract problem
- Teacher’s competence in managing and monitoring the classroom transactions by enhancing the communication skill.
- All this basis of Communication is a learnt ability not a universal panacea.
- It helps in Establishing a viewpoint that enhances message reception to audience needs.
- Swapping of encoder-decoder roles in communication happens due to feedback analysis
- The correct sequence of decoding process of communication in the classroom Sensory involvement, Interpretation, Evaluation, Feedback.
- During interaction with students in the classroom, the teacher provides corrective feedback, thereby clearing doubt through a question-answer session.
- The immediacy of feedback essential for good classroom communication favours classroom participation.
- Classroom Interactions are influenced largely by
- Student’s commitment
- Classroom communication behaviours imply making the contents relevant.
- So, it is the functions of teachers to make students organise information for effective interaction.
- Student’s commitment
- Classroom communication is Purposeful and Pragmatic.
- However, in the context of classroom communication attitudes, actions and appearances are considered as Impersonal
- an effective classroom communicator, should first understand the students following which being purposeful and pragmatic renders the teaching effective.
- Theories that can be applied to classroom communication.
- Theory of social constructivism
- The construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving and decision making, is called as Cognitive development
- The sequence which correctly indicates the order for ensuring teaching-learning activities in a constructivist approach engage, explore, explain, evaluate and extend.
- Theory of social constructivism
Effective communication:
- The principles of effective writing useful for both students and teachers are
- clarity
- consciousness
- correctness
- These above elements are utilised in advertising and public relations that shapes and influence public opinion.
- So, the above elements are utilised in a blog which allows anyone to communicate to a public audience.
- Writing and speaking are the skills promoted by commmunication
- Identify the factors affecting teaching related to a positive learning environment in an institution:
- the scope for sharing and open discussions within the classroom and the institution as such
- A frequent area of positive reinforcement either in institution or classroom
- Factors of effective classroom
- Use of best teaching practices
- Principle of clarity
- Use of proper technology
- Development of motivation
- Effective use of feedback and
- Two way communication
- Factors of effective classroom
- Dynamics of good classroom communication involves:
- Motivation
- Being organized
- Participation
- When students and teachers involve in communication, the purposes are
- To develop a professional working relationship.
- To create a participatory environment in the classroom.
- To engage in out-of-classroom interaction.
- Classroom communication involves the clear decoding of messages by the students.
- By increasing redundancy, we can improve the fidelity of communication.
- Mind mapping is the central point of the classroom communication as the beginning of a dynamic pattern of ideas.
- When students and teachers involve in communication, the purposes are
- Those which reflects the evolution of educational technology support in higher education
- text book supplementation,
- programmed learning material
- modular material and
- online methods
- The use of communication technology pre-supposes new forms of expression and applications.
- A: If a teacher wants to improve his or her abilities as an effective classroom communicator, he or she should first understand the students – True
- R: The ability to understand students and intended listening are disjoined proposition — False
- The ability to understand students and intended listening are conjoined proposition because focused listening helps to overcome communication barriers.
- By understanding the students a teacher could able to transform teaching-learning process.
- Essential for good classroom communication:
- proper employment of redundancy
- The immediacy of feedback and
- Non-verbal cues
- In a participative communication, one can employ redundancy to make the learners clear about the concepts.
- Being organized and motivated helps to develop a professional working relationship.
- In classroom, smiling or frowning is taken as non-verbal cues that depicts facial expression.
- Internal cues of non-verbal behavior in the classroom helps in interpersonal communication
- Non-verbal communication is mostly Unstructured and informal in nature. Eg. Dress code of an individual
- So both verbal and non-verbal communication are significant.
- Effective classroom communication can transform
- teaching-learning process
- The effective communication that involves teaching learning process includes
- Knowledge, Subject matter, Articulation, Language felicity.
- The sequential order of elements in classroom communication involves – Awareness, interest, evaluation, knowledge
- Learner communication has a relatively high potential of challenging long-held attitudes.
- to change Cognitive behaviour are challenging task or an effective teacher.
- the domain of personality and attitude includes Locus of control, Self-efficacy and Teacher enthusiasm.
- Effectiveness of communication can be traced from – Attitude surveys, Performance records, and Students attendance
- The following are rhetorical techniques for structuring classroom communication
- Relating the day’s topic to students.
- smooth transition from one idea to another
- Using media to improve the quality aspect of the reception of the message
- The rhetorical approach in classroom communication considers teachers as influencing agents of students.
- The sequential order of elements in classroom communication is Awareness, interest, evaluation, knowledge.
- From the list given below identify those competencies of an effective teacher which relate to the domain of personality and attitude
- locus of control
- self-efficacy
- Teacher enthusiasm – Positive expectancy
- Traits of personality are influenced by both environment and inheritance.
- So, it is imperative to have self control over one’s communication by managing to convey knowledge to learners.
- Effective oral communication demands
- self-confidence,
- consistent practice
- knowing the audience
- Educational communication is dependent upon the skills of
- verbal communication and body language
- Analyzing the audience needs
- Communication happens through attitude of encoders.
- Educational communication is dependent upon the skills of
- Following modes of communication can be employed in a classroom for effective teaching
- Iconic – Eg. graphics
- Associational
- symbolic
- Control over the self mode of communication and method of delivery in classroom is with teacher.
- In the domain of personality and attitude, the competency of effective teacher by self-efficiency.
- Communication channel and Distinguishing type
- blogging – social media
- television – electronic media
- periodicals – Print Media
- collection sites – World Wide Web
- Audiences are active in using mass media, people use them the way they like.
- a function of mass media is to transmit culture.
- Identify the skills promoted by communication from the following:
- reading and listening
- speaking and writing
- The compositional skills and creativity in the presentation of students can be most effectively evaluated by the following essay type tests.
- To develop this skill one needs to develop speaking, writing, listening and reading.
- A: Motivational aspects of learning and communication efficacy are not inter related
- R: Communication as a social product has its own variables in a learning environment
- A false but R true
- The learner’s motivation is raised by the teacher through a question-answer session.
- Such Motivational-orientation of the students is one of the variables along with prior knowledge of students.
- When a large number of students with different performance levels are there in the class. for uniform imparting educative interactions, a teacher should opt for communication which is
- Technology-enabled
- asynchronous communication – email and forums
- Synchronous communication – Video conferencing, Instant Messaging
- A: classroom communication is pre-decided by social and institutional demands
- R: positive educative actions, should guide learners to acquire knowledge of the social significance
- Both A and R true and R is the correct explanation
- Classroom communication is a transactional process which is the basis of Social identity.
- Positive classroom communication leads to Persuasion which guides learners to acquire knowledge.
- The following communication technologies employ only asynchronous communication?
- Forums
- Effective educational communication is continuous
- Continuous and comprehensive learning outcomes – Evaluating cognitive evaluation and co-cognitive aspects with regularity
- the characteristics of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation
- It replaces marks with grades.
- It evaluates every aspect of the student.
- Communication is a continuous and circular process thereby involving both information and understanding of exchange of ideas, facts and opinions.
- Successful educational communication is dependent upon the skills of
- verbal communication and body language
- Analyzing the audience needs
- social interaction requires the skills like verbal communication, body language and knowledge about audience needs.
Barriers to effective communication:-
- A: Communication does not include all human behavior for the exchange of information
- R: Communication involves the use of all 5 senses
- A is false but R is true
- decoding process of communication in the classroom involves the following sequence Sensory involvement, Interpretation, Evaluation, Feedback.
- Teacher communication behaviors used to regulate the classroom behavior of students
- So, communication influence human behavior while transacting the information .
- A: Use of slang in formal teaching makes communication lively and interesting
- R: Academic deccency demands the avoidance of slang in the classroom environment
- A is false but R is true
- In a group setting which of the following factors hinder creativity of its members?
- Norm to maintain consensus at any cost
- To criticize if somebody’s idea is not correct
- Col-1 and Col-2
- Dyslexic – difficulty in reading
- Dysgraphia – difficulty in writing
- dyscalculia – difficulty in doing mathematics
- ADHD – difficulty in concentrating
- The following helps to overcome communication barriers –
- focused listening
- Simple language and easy construction of sentences helps to overcome communication barriers.
- focused listening
Mass media and society:
- The values specifically related to organisational ethos are
- Team work n the approach
- Work productivity or productivity of the task
- to show humility in dealing with others concerns
- A: A blog is a form of social media
- R: A blog allows anyone to communicate to a public audience
- Both A and R true and is the correct explanantion
- The interpretational aspects that include advertising and public relations shape and influence public opinion.
- Identify the ways that would be followed by a public sector organization to communicate with the public by organizing open lectures
- Publicity
- Public relations
- Image Building
- The interpretational aspects that include advertising and public relations shape and influence public opinion.
- A No social activity is possible without communication
- R: Communication plays a vital role in our daily life
- Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanantion of A
- If data has been recorded using technical media the necessary step on its way to interpretation – transcription
- communication through any medium happens through the attitude of intruders.
- So, the communicator adjust to the medium to follow principles a good communication.
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