NTA NET paper 1 June 2019 Logical Reasoning

The structure of arguments:

1. ‘All Judges are fair-minded’ is an example of _____________proposition. 
   1. Universal affirmative
   2. Universal negative
   3. Particular affirmative
   4. Particular negative
      1. Reason: The classic square of opposition comprises 4 categories of statements A,E,I,O
      2. A – All judges are fairminded, E – No judges are fair-minded, I – Some judges are fair-minded and O – Some judges are not fair-minded
2. When the subject and predicate of both the premises is the same but they differ only in quantity, it is known as
   1. Subaltern
   2. Contraries
   3. Sub-Contraries
   4. Contradictories
      1. Reason: If the universal is true the particular is true If the particular proposition of a subaltern is false its corresponding universal proposition will be false
      2. Eg. All plastics are synthetic.  Some plastics are synthetic
      3. All plastic and some plastic – Subaltern because varies in quantity.
3. ‘All children are not greedy’ is an example of which proposition?
   1. Universal Affirmative
   2. Universal Negative
   3. Particular Affirmative
   4. Particular Negative
      1. All children are not greedy -O-type – in the classic square of opposition – so it has to be particular negative. 
4. If the proposition ‘All republics are grateful’ is taken to be true then which of the following propositions can be false?
   1. (i) Republics are not grateful
   2. (ii) Some republics are not grateful
   3. (iii) No republics are grateful
   4. (iv) Some republics are grateful
   5. Select the correct answer from the options given below:
      1. (i) only
      2. (ii) only
      3. (i), (ii) and (iii)
      4. ^{(ii) and iii}
         1. Contradictory statements cannot both be true and cannot both be false, They have same subject and predicates but are different in quantities as well as qualities.
         2. All republic * Some republic – Differing quantity
         3. Grateful * Not grateful – Differing quality
5. When subject and predicate of both the premises are the same but they differ in quantity only, it is known as
   1. Contradictories
   2. Contraries
   3. Subaltern
   4. Super-altern
      1. 
      2. All poets are dreamers’
      3. No poets are dreamers.

1. All students cleared their examination and few students did not clear their exams. – Contradictories
   1. Cleared their exam * did  not clear their exam – differ in quality
   2. All students * Few students – Differ in quantity
2. If the proposition “some milk is curd” is taken to be true then the following proposition will be false
   1. No milk is curd
   2. All milk is curd
   3. Some curd is milk
   4. Some milk is not curd
      1. Some milk * No milk – Differing quantity
      2. So it’s a contradictory statement.
3. Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them, which of the following conclusions could be validly drawn from the premises?
   1. All fans are tubes
   2. Bulbs are not tubes
   3. Conclusions:
      1. Fans are not bulbs
      2. All tubes are fans
      3. Fans are bulbs
      4. No tube is a bulb
         1. Since no tube is a bulb, all fans which are tubes are not bulbs.
4. If the proposition ‘All pens are not pencil’ is taken to be True then which of the following propositions can be False?
   1. All pens are pencils
      (2) Some pencils are pens
      (3) No pen is a pencil
      (4) Some pens are pencils
      1. If not pencils are true then ‘are pencils’ are false
5. The proposition ‘All leaves are green’ is equivalent to which of the following proposition
   1. No leaves are green
   2. No leaves are non- green
   3. No leaves are in other color than green
   4. No green is a leaf
      Select the correct answer from the option given below
      (1) (2), (3) and (4)
      (2) (1) and (2)
      (3) (2) only
      (4) (2) and (3)
6. The proposition ‘No historians are non-mathematician’ is equivalent to which of the following proposition?
   1. All historians are mathematicians
   2. No historians are mathematicians
   3. Some historians are mathematicians
   4. Some historians are not mathematicians
7. ‘All republic are grateful’ and ‘some republics are not grateful’ cannot both be true, and they cannot be false. This is called
   1. Contraries
   2. Contradictories
   3. Subaltern
   4. Super altern
      1. Two propositions are contradictory when – Truth of one proposition implies falsity of the other and vice versa.
8. If the proposition ‘Houses are not bricks’ is taken to be False then which of the following propositions can be True?
   1. All houses are bricks
   2. No house is brick
   3. Some houses are bricks
   4. Some houses are not bricks
   5. Select the correct answer from the options given below:
      1. (b) and (c)
      2. (a) and (d)
      3. (b) only
      4. (c) only
         1. Bricks and not bricks are the variance in qualities of this statement. Hence sub-contrary statement.
9. Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them. Which of the following conclusions could be validly drawn from the premises?
   1. Premises:
      1. No paper is pen
      2. Some paper is handmade
   2. Conclusions:
      1. ^{All paper are handmade}
      2. Some handmade are pen
      3. Some handmade are not pen
      4. All handmade are paper
         1. By logical deduction, from some paper is handmade some handmade is paper, since No paper is pen- so some handmade are not pen
10. Premise 1: All gentlemen are polite
    1. Premise2: No criminals are polite
    1. Conclusion: No criminals are gentlemen
    2. Identify the major term in above syllogism
       1. ^{Predicate in the premises}
       2. Subject in the premises
       3. Subject of the first premise and predicate of the conclusion
       4. Subject of the second premises and subject of the conclusion
          1. Major term – gentlemen, Middle term – polite and minor term = criminals
          2. The Subject and predicate is distributed in statements whose quantity is universal
          3. However, In the below particular affirmative statement,
             1. Some students are sincere – – Neither subject nor predicate is distributed
11. Identify the minor term in the following syllogism:
    1. P1: “Some books are not edifying. P2: “All books are interesting”.
    2. Therefore, “some interesting things are not edifying” – Subject of the conclusion and predicate of the second premises.
       1. Minor – Interesting things , Major – Edifying, Middle – Books
          1. P1- No Musicians are Japanese.
          2. P2 – All Barbers are Musicians.
          3. C – No Barbers are Japanese.
             1. Identify the Middle Term in the above syllogism
             2. Subject in the first premise and predicate in the second premise.

1. The proposition ‘All birds are cows” is equivalent to which of the following propositions?
   1. Some cows are birds
   2. Some cows are not non-birds
   3. Some birds are cows
   4. Many birds are cows
   5. Select the correct answer from the options given below:
      1. A only
      2. C and D
      3. A, b, c and d
      4. D only
         1. Conversion table:

1. ^{If the proposition “students are serious” is taken to be false then which of the following} propositions can be true?
   1. All students are serious
   2. All students are not serious
   3. Some students are not serious
   4. Some serious ones are not students
   1. 1. (1) only
      2. (2) and (4)
      3. (4) only
      4. (2) and (3)
         1. If the proposition ‘Houses are not bricks’ is taken to be False, Some houses are bricks is true.
2. Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them. Which of the following conclusions could be validly drawn from the premises?
   1. Premises:
      1. Some rings are bells
      2. No ring is an ornament
   2. Conclusions:
      1. All bells are ornaments
      2. Some ornaments are not bells
      3. No ring is a bell
      4. All bells are not ornaments.
         1. No ring is an ornament means no ornament is a ring,
         2. Given some rings are bells so No ornaments are bells on further deduction all bells are not ornaments.
3. Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them. Which of the following conclusions could be validly drawn from the premises?
   1. Premises
      1. Some bags are tables
      2. All bags are chairs
   1. Conclusions:
      1. Some tables are chairs
      2. No chair is table
      3. Some chairs are bags
      4. Some bags are not tables
         1. Based on conversion principle,
         2. some tables are bags since all bags are chairs some tables are chairs. From 2nd statement conversion some chair are bags.
   2. Select the correct answer from the options given below:
      1. (i) and (iii)
      2. ^{(ii), (iii) and (iv)}
      3. (i) and (iv)
      4. (ii) only
4. The proposition ‘No red is black’ is equivalent to which of the following propositions?
   1. No black is red
   2. All red are black
   3. Some red are not black
   4. ^{Red is not black}
   5. Select the correct answer from the options given below:
      1. (i), (ii),( iii) and (iv)
      2. (iii) only
      3. (i) and (iv)
      4. (iv) only

Deductive and Inductive reasoning

1. In which of the following arguments ‘the relation that exists between premises and conclusion is that of logical necessity?
   1. Inductive
   2. Deductive
   3. Demonstrative
   4. Analogical
2. Identify the reasoning in the following argument ‘Writing on paper is similar to writing on the board’
   1. Deductive
   2. Hypothetical
   3. Analogical
   4. Inductive
3. Inductive argument proceeds from
   1. Universal to Particular
   2. Particular to Universal
   3. Universal to Universal
   4. Particular to Particular
4. The argument which claims that its conclusion is conclusively supported by its premises is called
   1. Analogical Argument
   2. Inductive Argument
   3. Demonstrative Argument
   4. Deductive Argument
5. Identify the argument under which substantial propositions are infer-able from Universal Proposition.
   1. Deductive argument
   2. Inductive argument
   3. Reductive argument
   4. Analogical argument
6. Identify the reasoning in the following argument:
   1. “Method of teaching in the classroom can be compared to the architectural plan of a building”.
      1. Analogical
      2. ^Hypothetical
      3. Inductive
      4. Deductive
7. The reasoning which would be helpful in finding new knowledge of facts about the world is:
   1. Speculative
   2. ^Inductive
   3. Deductive
   4. Analogical
8. Choose the correct alternative.
   1. Cup is to coffee as bowl is to__________.
   2. (1) Dish
   3. (2) Soup
   4. (3) Spoon (4) Food

Verbal reasoning:

1. In A school, there are five teachers, A and B both are teaching Hindi and English. C and B both are teaching English and Geography .D and A both are Punjabi and Hindi .E and B both are teaching History and French Who among the teachers is teaching a maximum number of the subject?
   1. A
   2. B
   3. D
   4. C and E

1. Among the five friends, Vineet is taller than Monika, but not as tall as Ram. Jacob is taller than Dalip but shorter than Monika. Who is the tallest in their group?
   1. Ram
   2. Monika
   3. Vineet
   4. Jacob
      1. V>M, V<R, J>D, J<M so, R>V>M>J>D
2. If RED is coded as 6720, then how would GREEN be coded?
   1. (1) 16717209
   2. (2) 1677209
   3. (3) 9207716
   4. (4) 1677199
      1. R = 18 + 2 = 20, E = 5 + 2 = 7 , D = 4 + 2 = 6
      2. GREEN = NEERG = (14+2) (5+2) (5+2) (18+2) (7+2) = 1677209
3. If in a certain code, BAT = 28 and CAT = 29, then how you will code BALL?
   1. 27
   2. 28
   3. 32
   4. 39
      1. C is one step ahead of B and the code for CAT  is 1 more than that for Bat. Thus the letters are coded by numerals denoting their positions in the english alphabet. A=1, B=2,…Z=26 For ball=  2+1+12+12= 27.
4. Bangalore is bigger than Jhansi, Satpura is bigger than Chittoor, and Rajgarh is not as big as Jhansi but is bigger than Satpura. Which is the smallest?
   1. (1) Bangalore
   2. (2) Jhansi
   3. (3) Satpura
   4. (4) Chittoor
      1. Ans: B>J, S>C, J>R, R>S smallest – B>J>R>S>C
      2. Chittoor is the smallest
5. If E=5  and HOTEL=12, how will you code BALM?
   1. _28,
   2. _26,
   3. _16,
   4. 7
      1. E = letters position/1(Number of letter) = 5/5 = 1
      2. Hotel = 8+15+20+5+12/5 =60/5 = 12
      3. Hence, BALM = 2+1+12+13/4 = 28/4 = 7
      4. Note: EJOTY = 5,10,15,20,25
6. If REASON is coded as 5 and GOVERNMENT is coded as 9, then what is the code for ACCIDENT?
   1. 6
   2. 7
   3. 8
   4. 9
      1. Answer:  Code for the given word = ( Number of letters in the word) – 1. So, code for GOVERNMENT = 10 – 1 = 9.
      2. ACCIDENT = 8-1=7
7. If DRIVER, GOVERNMENT, BELIEVED, then BAT =?
   1. 6
   2. 8
   3. 10
   4. 12
      1. Driver = 2*Number of letters = 2*6 = 12
      2. Government = 2*number of letters = 2*8 =16
      3. Beleived = 2*8  = 16
      4. Bat = 2*number of letters = 2*3 = 6

Indian Logic:

1. Consider the example provided below:
   1. “There is no jar now on the ground”
   2. Identify the means of knowledge (Pramana) involved in the example.
   3. From the options given below:
      1. Anupalabdhi
      2. Arthapatti
      3. Pratyaksha
      4. Anumāna
2. Consider the following example given below:
   1. Devadatta is growing fat
   2. He does not eat food during the day
   3. Therefore, He must be eating food during the night, other things being equal.
   4. Identify the logic involved in the example provided above by choosing the correct answer from options given below:
      1. Arthapatti
      2. Anulpalabdi
      3. Anumāna
      4. Sabda
3. Consider the argument provided below:
   1. “Sound is important because it is audible”
   2. Identify the fallacy involved in the above argument on the basis of Indian Logic form the options given below:
      1. The fallacy of Trivial reason
      2. The fallacy of irrelevant reason
      3. The fallacy of wrong assertion
      4. The fallacy of contradictory reason
4. ” sound is permanent because it is a product like the jar”
   1. fallacy of contradictory reason
   2. Fallacy of wrong assertion
   3. fallacy of irrelevant reason
   4. fallacy of trivial reason
5. Consider the example provided below: “This gavaya is like my cow”
   1. This is an example of which means of knowledge (pramāna)
      1. Comparison
      2. Implication
      3. Perception
      4. Inference
6. “Sound is impermanent because it is invisible”Identify the fallacy involved in the above argument on the basis of Indian logic from the options,
   (1) The fallacy of trivial reason
   (2) The fallacy of irrelevant reason
   (3) The fallacy of contradictory reason
   (4) The fallacy of the wrong assertion