ugc-net-nta-paper-1-2018-logical reasoning-solved

The structure of arguments:

A deductive argument is invalid if
1. Its premises are all true but its conclusion is false.
A cluster of propositions with a structure that exhibits some inference is called An argument
Identify the argument which involves a leap from the known to the unknown- Inductive argument
The argument which claims that its conclusion is supported by its premises conclusively is Deductive argument
Two propositions are contradictory when,
1. Truth of one proposition implies falsity of the other and vice versa.
Consider the statements (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below. Which one of the codes contains the correct statements only?
1. Venn diagram is a method of testing the validity of categorical syllogisms.
2. Venn diagram is a clear method of notation.
Instances, a deductive argument is invalid
1. When its premises are true but the conclusion is false.
Inductive argument proceeds from
1. Particulars to Universals
The reasoning which would be helpful in seeking new knowledge of facts about the world is:
1. Inductive
“The relation that exists between Premises and Conclusion is that of logical necessity”- is the case with which of the following arguments?
1. Deductive
an example of a correct deductive argument
1. There are 24CDs on the top shelf of my bookcase and 14 on the lower shelf. There are no other CDs in my bookcase. Therefore there are 38 CDs in my bookcase.
In a valid deductive argument, if the premises are true, then – The conclusion must be true.
Validity in logical reasoning refers to the relation between premises and conclusions
The following statements are correct with regard to the ‘truth and validity’ in logically reasoning. Select the correct code from the below:
1. Truth and falsity are attributes of individual propositions.
2. Validity and invalidity are attributes of arguments
Among the following which one of the arguments is rooted in the empirical investigation?
1. Inductive
Truth and falsity are attributes of:
1. Propositions
When the conclusion of an argument follows from its premises necessarily, the argument is called:
1. Deductive argument
‘Every law is an evil, for every law is an infraction of liberty’. The above is An argument
Reasoning from a specific case to a general conclusion is known as Inductive logic.
Under which of the conditions an argument may be valid?
1. When its conclusion and premises are true.
2. Even when its conclusion and one or more of its premises are false.

Classical square of opposition:

If the proposition ‘No dog is quadruped’ is false which one among the following propositions can be claimed certainly to be true?
1. Options:-
  1. Some dogs are quadruped.
Given below are two premises. Four conclusions are drawn from them (taking singly or together). Select the code that states the validity drawn conclusions.
1. Premises:
  1. Some flowers are red.
  2. All roses are flowers.
2. Conclusions:
  1. Some red things are flowers.
  2. ^{Some flowers are roses.}
^{Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them (taken singly or}together). Which conclusions are validly drawn? Select the correct answer from the code given below.
1. Premises:
  1. All politicians are honest persons.
  2. All honest persons are fair. Conclusions
2. Conclusions:
  1. Some honest persons are politicians.
  2. Some fair persons are politicians.
Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them (taking, singly or together). Which conclusions are validly drawn? Select the correct answer from the code given below.
1. Premises:
  1. All lawyers are extroverts.
  2. Some wisemen are extroverts.
2. Conclusions:
  1. Some extroverts are wisemen.
Among the following identify two statements which are in such a relation that the truth of one implies the truth of the other, but not conversely.
1. All plastics are synthetic.
2. Some plastics are synthetic.
Given below are two premises (A and B). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validity drawn Conclusion(s) (taking the premises individually or jointly). Premises:
1. No non-literates are graduates.
1. All non-graduates are non-teachers.
  1. Conclusions:
1. All teachers are graduates
2. No non-literate is a teacher.
Among the following statements, two are contradictory to each other.
1. All men are humans.
2. Some men are not humans.
Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them (taking singly or together). Which of the following conclusions could be validity drawn from the premises?
1. Premises:
  1. All cats are animals.
  2. Birds are not cats.
2. Conclusions:
  1. Birds are not animals.
  2. Cats are not Birds.
  3. Some animals are cats.
Given below are two premises (a) and (b). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validly drawn conclusion(s) [taking the premises individually or jointly.
1. Premises:
  1. Some women are teachers.
  1. All teachers are hard-working.
2. Conclusions:
  1. Some hard-working teachers are women.
  2. Some women are hard-working.
Among the following statements, two are contradictory to each other. Select the code that represents them.
1. Some surgeons are doctors.
2. No surgeons are doctors.
Given below are two premises (a) and (b). four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validity drawn conclusion (s) taking the premises individually or jointly.
1. Premises:
  1. All diamonds are precious stones.
  2. Some carbon compounds are diamonds.
2. Conclusions:
  1. Some carbon compounds are precious stones.
Among the following statements two are contradictory to each other. Select the code that represents them:
1. Some judges are lawyers.
2. No judges are lawyers.
^{Among the following, there are two statements which can’t be true together but can be} false together. Select the code that represents them:
1. Some bats are mammals.
2. Some bats are not mammals.
Given below are two premises (a and b). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validly drawn conclusion(s) [taking premises individually or jointly].
1. Premises:
  1. All mammals are warm-blooded animals.
  2. No lizards are warm-blooded animals.
2. Conclusions:
  1. No lizards are mammals.
  2. No warm-blooded animals are lizards.
Among the following there are two statements that can’t be true together but can be false together. Select the code that represents them.
1. Statements:
  1. All poets are dreamers.
  2. No poets are dreamers.
The following can be validly inferred from the proposition- “All animals are wild”
1. Some animals are wild.
Given below are two premises (a)and (b). four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validly drawn conclusion(s). [taking the premises individually or jointly]
1. Premises:
  1. All judges are lawyers.
  2. No doctors are lawyers.
2. Conclusions:
  1. No lawyers are doctors.
  2. No doctors are judges.
Among the following propositions (a, b, c and d) two are related in such a way that both of them together cannot be false although they may both be true. Select the code that states those two propositions.
1. Some students are intelligent
2. Some students are not intelligent
Given below are two premises (i) and (ii). Four conclusions are drawn from them (Taking singly or together).
1. Premises:
  1. Some prisoners are dacoits.
  2. Some dacoits are murderers.
2. Conclusions:
  1. Some dacoits are prisoners.
  2. Some murderers are dacoits.

Blood relations:

A’s mother is sister of B and daughter of C. D is daughter of B and sister of E. How is C related to E?
1. Grandmother
  1. Mother ‘s sister—B’s daughter—->D’s sister—>E So c is grandmother of E
Ram said to shyam, “that girl playing with the doll, is the younger of the two daughters of my father’s wife”. How is the girl playing with the doll is related to Ram?
1. Sister
Ram said, “I am the only child of my mother”. Next, he pointed to a boy and continued, “This boy is the husband of the grandchild of my mother”. How is Ram related to the boy?
1. Father-in-law
2. R’s Mother – Ram
3. Daughter * Husband so ram is father in law of that boy who is the husband.
Pointing to a man, Abhijit said: “His granddaughter is the only daughter of my brother”. How is the man related to Abhijit?
1. 1. Father
1. 2. Brother-in-law
1. 3. Uncle
1. 4. Grandfather
  1. man–>father of abhijit—his daughter
Pointing to a woman, a man said, “Her father is the only son of my father”. How is the man related to the women? Options:-
1. Father of the woman
Pointing to the photograph of a girl, Sukanya said, “She is the daughter of my mother”. How is Sukanya related to the girl in the photograph?
1. Mother
2. Sukanaya is the mother of that girl
3. Mother——-> sukanya——–>girl in phtograph
Jenifer’s father-in-law is my brother. Helen is the grand-daughter of my mother. How is Helen related to Jenifer?
1. Sister-in-law
A woman introduces a man as the son of the brother of her mother. How is the man related to the woman?
1. Cousin

Coding and Decoding:

In a certain code, LIFE is written as KMHJEGDF. How is WORD written in that code?
1. Options:
  1. VXNPQSCE
    1. KM HJ EG DF – KLM HIJ EFG DEF
In a certain code, PLEADING is written as FMHCQMFB. How is SHOULDER written in that code?
1. QDCKTIPV
2. QDCKVPIT
3. TIPVQDCK
4. KCDQTIPV
  1. PLEADING – Shoulder
  2. PLEA +1 = in inverse order = QMFB and DING – 1 = inverse gives = FMHC
  3. SHOULDER => SHOU/LDER => REDL/SHOU => QDCK/TIPV
if DICE is coded as FLGJ, then the code for BITE will be:
1. DLXJ
  1. D+2 = F(6)
  2. I+3 = L(12)
  3. C+4 = G(7)
  4. E+5 = J(10) similarly for BITE
if FACE is coded as HCEG, then the code for HIGH will be:
1. JKIJ
2. FACE +2 = HCEG
If DIVE is coded as IMYG, and then the code for TAKE will be:
1. YENG
2. D+5 = I, I +4 = M, V+3 = Y, E+2=G
3. T+5 = Y
4. A+4 = E
5. K+3 = N
If HYDERABAD is coded as DABAREDYH, then BENGALURU will be coded as:
1. URULAGNEB
  1. Inverse of the word given
If FIST is coded as JMWX, and then the code for BOAT will be
1. FSEX
  1. F+4 = J
  2. I+4 = M
  3. S + 4 = W…X similarly Boat is coded
if ABODE is coded as ADRHJ, then the code for AGRO will be:
1. AIUS
  1. G+2 = I
  2. R+3 = U
  3. O+4 = S

Letter Series:

The next term in the letter series KB, JM, IM, HQ, GT, _______ is.
1. FV
2. K-1 = J, – 1 = I – 1 = H….
3. B+6 = H + 5 = M+4 = Q …
The next term in the letter series DY, JX, OW, SV, VU, ___________ is – XT
1. D+5=J+4=O+3=S+2=V+1=X
1. __UVWXY = T
The next term in the letter series is: ME, KH, IK, GN, ___________ is
1. Options:-
2. 1. CK 2.EQ 3.DF 4.BD
1. M-2 = K(11), K-2 = I(9), I-2 = G(7)
1. E+3 = H+3 = G+3 = E
The next term in the letter series EE, GG, IJ, KN, MS, ______.OY
1. E+1=G+1=I+K+1=M+1=O
2. E+1=G+2=J+3=N+4=S+5=Y
The next term in the letter series IN, HL, GJ, FH, EF, _____ is :
1. DD
2. 1st term = EFGHI
3. 2nd term = F+1=H+1=J+1=L+1=N, So DD
The next term in the letter series DEF, HIJ, LMN, PQR, TUV, _____ is:
1. XYZ
2. An interval of one alphabet with every set
3. DEF+1 = HIJ +1 = LMN + 1 = PQR +1 = TUV

Verbal Reasoning:

In terms of the relationship indicated below, which word will correctly pair to replace the question mark (?)
1. Play::?
2. Sing: Song
  1. Options:
    1. Act
    2. Field
    3. Scene
    4. Theatre
Five Persons Amit, Anil, Ajay, Atul, and Anand live in a five storey building on different floors, Amit lives above Ajay but below Anand. Atul lives above Ajay but below Amit. Anil lives below Anand but above Atul. In which floor does Anil live?
1. Options:
  1. Third floor
  2. Fourth floor
  3. Either third floor or fourth floor
  4. Second floor
Mr. Rajesh, his sister, his son, and his daughter are fond of golf and often play together. The following statements are true for all the four:
1. (a) The best player’s twin and worst player are of the opposite sex.
2. (b) The best player and the worst player are of the same age.
3. Assuming that both twins are members of the group of four, who is the best player?
  1. (A) Sister of Mr. Rajesh
  2. (B) Son of Mr. Rajesh
  3. (C) Mr. Rajesh
  4. (D) Daughter of Mr. Rajesh
Given below is a statement followed by three assumptions made from it. Which assumptions are implicit in the context of the given statement? Select the correct answer from the code given below. Statement: ‘Smoking is injurious to health’. – A warning printed on the cigarette packets.
Assumptions:
People make careful note of a warning.
Non-smoking promotes health.
In terms of the relationship indicated below, which word will correctly pair to replace the question mark (?)?
1. Scrub: wash:: Sob :__?_____
  1. Cry
In a certain flight crew, the positions of the pilot, copilot and flight engineer are held by Mr. Ajit, Mr. Bhavesh, and Mr. Chirag, though not necessarily in that order. The following statements are true for all the three:
1. The copilot is the only child and earns the least.
2. Chirag is married to Bhavesh’s sister and earns more than the pilot
3. Who is the co-pilot?
  1. Chirag
  2. Either Ajit or Chirag
  3. Ajit
  4. Bhavesh
Ravi and Kunal are good in Hockey and Volleyball. Sachin and Ravi are good in Hockey and Baseball. Gaurav and Kunal are good in Cricket and Volleyball. Sachin, Gaurav and Mandeep are good in Football and Baseball. Who is good in Hockey, Cricket and Volleyball?
1. Kunal
  1. Ravi + Kunal = Hockey & Volley
  2. Sachin + Ravi = Hockey & Baseball
  3. Gaurav + Kunal = Cricket & Volley
  4. Sachin + Gaurav + Mandeep = Football & Baseball
  5. Hockey, Cricket and Volleyball = Kunal, since Kunal plays all three from the above options.
Choose the word which is different from the rest?
1. Jute
2. Plastic
3. Paper
4. Wool
Which of these words is different from the rest?
1. Options:-
  1. Huge
  2. Tall
  3. Sharp
  4. Thin
Choose the word which is different from the rest.
1. Options:-
  1. Hands
  2. Eyes
  3. Nose
  4. Legs
Assertion (A) : Questioning is a primary tool of classroom communication for teachers when they lead discussions.
1. Reason (R): Students’ learning is the major motive of teachers, made possible by questions and answers.
2. 1. Both (A) and (R) are true.
3. 2. (A) is true, but (R) is false.
4. 3. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
5. 4. (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Identify the reasoning in the following argument:
1. “A person without a goal is like a computer without a program”.
  1. Options:-
  2. Hypothetical
  3. Analogical
  4. Inductive
  5. Deductive
Choose the word which is different from the rest:
1. Options:
2. Write. 2.Learn 3.Knowledge 4.Read
Identify the correct reasoning in the following argument:
1. “ An English women lecturing Americans on semicolons is a little like an American lecturing the French on sauces”.
1. Options:-
  1. Hypothetical
  2. Deductive
  3. Analogical
  4. Inductive
Choose the word which is different from the rest:
1. Options:-
  1. Aravali Hills
  2. Nilgiri Hills
  3. Shivalik Hills
  4. Mount Kilimanjaro
Assertion (A): Classroom communication behaviors imply making the contents relevant.
1. Reason (R): It is none of the functions of teachers to make students organize information for effective interaction
1. Options:-
  1. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. Both (A) and (R) are true
  3. (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (A) is false, but (R) is true
Given below is an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R). Consider them and select the correct code given below:
1. Assertion (A): Honesty is a great virtue
2. Reason (R) : Honesty does not harm anybody
  1. Options:-
  2. (R) is true, but (A) is false
  3. (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is a correct explanation of (A)
  5. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
if 7, 13,1 2, 14, 6 is to flame , hen 3, 13, 16, 2, 21 is to:
1. Blade
2. Bloat
3. Blown
4. Voice

imD - An Ignorant Mind is a fool's pursuit

NTA NET Paper 1 December 2018 Logical Reasoning

The structure of arguments:

Classical square of opposition:

Blood relations:

Coding and Decoding:

Letter Series:

Verbal Reasoning:

Prasi

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