CTET question paper-2 Child Development and Pedagogy

CTET December 2019:

Child Development and Pedagogy:

1. Noor forgot to bring her tiffin to school and asked tanya to share her tiffin saying “You should share your tiffin with me today because I shared my tiffin with you yesterday”.
   1. According to lawrence kohlberg‘s theory of moral development, Noor’s statements represents——oriental typical at —— stage is being exchange – conventional. 
2. Gender stereotypes are widely held beliefs about typified characteristics deemed appropriate for different sexes in the society.
3. There have been conscious efforts to include stories in curriculum where father is involved in household works and mother is doing adventure activities. This move is important because – it aims to eliminate gender stereotyping.
4. According to vygotsky, when adults adjust the support to extend the child’s current level of performance, it is called scaffolding.
5. According to Jean Piaget‘s theory of cognitive development, hypothetico deductive reasoning develops during formal operational stage.
6. According to Lev vygotsky, it is important to understand the social processes and influence of the cultural context on children’s thinking.
7. Drawing implications from piaget‘s theory of cognitive development a teacher of grade 6-8 in his classroom should present problems that require reasoning based solutions.
8. As per howard gardner‘s theory of multiple intelligence, what would be the characteristics of a person with ‘logico-mathematical’ intelligence – sensitivity to and capacity to detect patterns, handle long chains of reasoning.
9. The process by which children develop habits, skills, values and motives that make them responsible, productive members of society is called socialization.
10. The statements which is correct about the role of heredity and environment in human development – heredity and environment both influence human development in a complex interplay.
11. The concept of childhood is a social construction according to contemporary socio-constructivist theorist.
12. Those which characterize the period of ‘middle childhood‘ – ability to think abstractly and use of scientific reasoning develops.
13. Family and neighborhood are primary socializing agencies.

Learning and Pedagogy:

1. In a progressive classroom, knowledge is constructed by the learner.
2. Continuous and comprehensive evaluation includes both formative and summative assessments using a wide variety of strategies.
3. A student in your class has been told again and again from different sources that people from his social group typically perform poorly in academics.
   1. To reduce the impact of this stereotype and resultant stereotype threat, a teachers initial step can be presenting stories and examples of role models.
4. A teacher can encourage creative learners in her classroom by encouraging multiple perspectives and appreciating original ideas.
5. The factors which supports meaningful learning in the classroom showing genuine interest in the content matter and having concern for children’s overall well being and learning.
6. An example of effective problem solving strategy is means end analysis dividing the problem into number of sub-goals.
7. An effective strategy for teaching learning is not on focusing reproduction of knowledge however it includes
   1. Encouraging children to make intuitive guessess
   2. Experimentation and exploration
   3. Dialogue and discussion.
8. Constructivist approach suggests that prior knowledge of the learners is crucial for constructing the knowledge.
9. Children construct ‘naive theories’ about various phenomenon. In this background a teacher should challenge these conceptions of the children through dialogue.
10. Teachers deal with children who are non-attentive in the classroom – by talking to them and finding out reasons for their disinterest.
11. The relation between cognition and emotions is bidirectional –  a dynamic interplay between both.
12. The factors that affect learning includes interest of the student, emotional health of the student, pedagogical strategies and socio-cultural context of the student.
13. Social interactions are an important aspect of the process of meaningful construction of knowledge.
14. When students repeatedly engage in an activity (such as design and conduct an experiment) to earn a reward that is not directly related to that activity (such as earn a star or badge) they are likely to develop materialistic attitude towards learning.

Inclusive education and children with special needs:

1. In an inclusive classroom, a teacher should believe that every child has a potential to learn as per their abilities and strengths.
2. A teacher can address the needs of specially abled learners in an inclusive classroom by developing specific learning objectives based on an analysis of each student’s learning strengths and weakness.
3. A student shows the following signs in the classroom:anxiety around reading, difficulty in recognising words or letters, poor vocabulary skills, difficulty with understanding or remembering what was read
   These are an indication of a student with learning disability.

CTET June 2019:

Child Development and Pedagogy:

1. To understand the individual difference in development it is important to consider both inherited characteristics as well as environmental factors and their interplay – Nature vs nurture debate.
2. Not a principle of development is the exact course and nature of development is determined at the time of birth itself
   1. But it includes
      1. Development is relatively orderly
      2. Development takes place over a period of time
      3. Individuals develop at different rates.
3. Several research studies shows that teachers have more overall interaction with boys than girls.
   1. The correct explanation shows that this is an example of gender bias in teaching.
4. Central to the concept of progressive education – belief in the capability and potential of every child.
5. Cooperative learning and peer tutoring should be actively promoted in an inclusive classroom by vygotsky.
6. In the constructivist frame a child is – a problem solver and a scientific investigator.
7. According to piaget, specfic  psychological structures (Organised ways of making sense of experience) are called schemas.
8. With an appropriate question / suggestion, the child’s understanding can be extended far beyond the point which she could have reached alone” – This represents zone of proximal development – By vygotsky.
9. According to Lev Vygotsky basic mental capacities are transformed into higher cognitive process primarily through social interaction.
10. The statement which denotes the relationship between development and learning as both are inter-related and inter-dependent.
11. One of the major accomplishments of concrete operational stage is ability to conserve –study of mass, length, volume – reversibility – decentration.
12. Constructivists such as Jean piaget and lev vygotsky view learning as process of meaning-making by active engagement.
13. Selecting and presenting stories and clippings from newspaper that portray both men and women in non-traditional roles is an effective strategy to counter gender stereotypes.
14. Identify the stage of moral reasoning of kohlberg – Right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all humanity , regardless of law and social agreement – Universal ethical principle orientation.

Learning and Pedagogy:

1. The most important in an inclusive classroom – Individualised educational plan.
2. A correctly matched pair of learners and their primary characteristics Dyslexic learners – lack reading and writing fluency.
3. The ability to come-up with original and divergent solutions to a problem is a primary characteristics of creative children.
4. Teachers employ specific end of the term assessment strategies and gives feedback on the products rather than process. It is not consistent with a constructivist environment. Other factors includes
   1. Students work collaboratively and are given support to engage in task oriented dialogue with each other
   2. Teachers elicit students ideas and experiences in relationship to key topics and plans teaching – learning to elaborate or restructure their current knowledge
   3. Students are given frequent opportunities to engage in complex, meaningful, problem based activities.
5. A teacher should encourage students to set learning goals rather than performance goals.
6. It does not result in meaningful facilitation of learning by promoting repetition and recall. It happens through
   1. Use of examples and non-examples
   2. Encouraging multiple ways of looking at a problem
   3. Connecting new knowledge to pre-existing knowledge
7. An example of extrinsic motivation to complete homework because the teacher gives us marks for each assignment – Based on rewards
8. In a primary classroom a teacher should give both examples and non-examples(clues.)
9. The strategies that promote meaning-making in children
   1. Exploration and discussion
10. Examples of effective learning strategies are
    1. Setting goals and time tables
    2. Making organisational charts and concept maps
    3. Thinking of examples and non-examples
    4. Explaining to a peer
    5. Self-questioning – piaget
11. A teacher’s role while using co-operative learning in her class – is to be supportive and monitor each group.
12. Children’s errors and misconception – are a significant step in the teaching- learning process.
13. As per howard gardner theory of multiple intelligence, how would the intelligence of a person with the following characteristics be categorised “Ability to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivation and intention of others – Interpersonal intelligence.
14. The reasons for assessment of children 
    1. To improve teaching-learning processes in the classroom.
    2. To find out what changes and progress in learning that takes place in the child over a period of time.
    3. To discuss the capabiltiies, potential, strengths, and challenges areas of the child with the parents.
15. The important role in a child’s socialisation are Media, school, family and neighbourhood

Inclusive education and children with special needs:

1. The instructional adaptation that teacher should make while working with students who are visually challenged speak clearly and use a lot of touch and feel materials. 

CTET Decemeber 2018:

Child Development and Pedagogy:

1. When children think to interpret the recieved information according to their experiences, it is called concrete thinking.
2. Teaching learners at varying levels of difficulty based on the ability of individual learner is known as differentiated instruction.
3. The concept of object permanence is attained during piaget’s ———–stage of development – Sensorimotor.
4. Individualised education programme (IEP) is planned from the perspective of Child-centered education programme.
5. The development from central part of the body towards peripheries or extremities denotes the principles of proximodistal development
6. School is an institution of socialisation of children where school children occupy the central position.
7. Between which months of age most children begin to combine words to short sentence while speaking 18 and 24.
8. “society determines the roles of male and female. This statement articulates gender as a social construct
9. The task in which the children get experience while enjoying themselves is known as consumer type task .

Learning and Pedagogy:

1. Providing teaching learning materials in accessible formats to the diverse learners implies Universal design of learning.
2. Meta-cognition involves self-awareness and control of cognitive abilitites eg. planning,reviewing and revising etc
3. Maintenance is the specific stage of learning which is antecedent to generalisation.
   1. Stages of learning – acquisition, fluence building, Maintenance, and generalisation.
4. zajonc believes that cognition and emotion are independent.
5. A teacher is teaching children by demonstration of a task to correct the performances of an already learned task.He is using which method of teaching modelling.
6. According to mann and janis, decision maker children analyse the problem, list the alternatives and weigh each option for its advantages and disadvantages. His behaviour reflects to be vigilant.
7. In which thinking, a child as a problem solver evaluates the truth or likelihood of statements – logical thinking
8. The task in which the children get experience while enjoying themselves is known as  drill and practice task.
9. Multisensory approach in teaching -learning is the simultaneous use of visual, auditory, tactile and which senses to enhance learning –  kinesthetic – Involvement of body – Multiple senses.
10. If you join a teacher fraternity and choose to dress like most of the others in your group, you are exhibiting Conformity.
11. The concept of intelligence quotient or IQ was developed by stern.
12. Creativity is thought to be related to the concept of divergent thinking for gifted students.
13. The acceptable sound combinations of a language are specified in its which rules phonological.
14. The position where thought patterns are influenced by language is called Linguistic determination.
15. Ravi repairs appliances by testing hypothesis about the cause of the malfunction based on his experience with the symptoms. He uses heuristics – not 100% proven
16. Divya often divides the assigned job into small tasks which she can handle easily. She is using sub-goal analysis.
17. Grading, coding, marking and credit accumulation systems are some of the examples of scoring procedure of assessment of learner’s achievement.
18. assessment of learners achievement helps the teachers to evaluate the effectiveness of pedagogy.

Inclusive education and children with special needs:

1. Inclusive education is based on the principle of – Equity and equal opportunities.
2. The rights of persons with disabilities act has been enacted in the year 2016.
3. Children with individual differences should be taught in a school having teachers trained to use different pedagogy to meet their diverse learning needs.
4. The right of children to free and compulsory education act,2009 ensure the right of children with disabilities to free education from 6 yrs to 18 yrs.
5. Inclusive education is based on the principle of equity and equal opportunities.
6. Children with individual differences should be taught in a school having teachers 
   1. trained to teach children with specific individual difference
7. Providing teaching-learning materials in accessible formats to the diverse learners implies
   1. UDL – Universal Design of learning