Research: Meaning, Types and Characteristics

  1. Which of the following action sets best represents an action research cycle?
    1. Plan, act, observe and reflect
      1. Action research is the steps of research have to be cyclic.
      2. Improving an existing situation through use of interventions.
      3. In an intervention based on the action research process, the above recommended sequence exist in cycles.
  2. Which of the following research formats focuses on hypothesis testing and generalizations?
    1. Experimental and Ex-post facto research
      1. Ex-post facto Method – Probing into the causal factors from the observed effects.
      2. Unlike experimental research, Ex post facto research uses data that are collected before coming up with hypothesis.
      3. However in experimental research, hypothesis is tested by collecting data and then are validated.
  3. From the following list identify the qualitative research characteristics and select your answer from the codes given below:
    1. Stating the purpose and research questions in a broadway
    1. Collecting data based on words from a small number of individuals
    2. Using text analysis and interpreting larger meanings of the findings
      1. A type of qualitative research designs individual stories to describe the lives of people are explored Narrative research.
      1. This will involve Disclosure of reality situation.
      2. The purpose of qualitative research is to Promote a deep, holistic understanding of a phenomenon of interest.
  4. Case studies are
    1. An in-depth examination of a subject and its related conditions
      1. In case study method of research, generalizations may be made applicable to other situations of the same type.
      1. In this research method the emphasis is laid on naturalistic settings and meaning-giving processes
      2. An empiricism inductive paradigm is employed in a case study research method. So related to qualitative research analysis.
  5. A hypothesis is
    1. A tentative statement proving an explanation
      1. A hypothesis must be Simple, clear and specific
      2. A tentative proposition with unknown validity that specifies a relationship between two or more variables is called Research Hypothesis.
  6. Participant observation is a part of
    1. Ethnographic research
      1. It emphasizes the access to reality by sharing the perspectives of people.
      2. A college teacher does research with a view to depict the reality situations relating to home conditions of students and hostels provided for.
      3. It involves participant observation method.
  7. Participation in which of research has great potential for ensuring the Improvement of the professional as well as work situation?
    1. Action research
      1. Improving an existing situation through use of intervention based on action research process in cycles Plan, Act, Observe and Reflect.
      2. The paradigm of research which focuses on the development of professional expertise of the researcher-practitioner is called Action research.
  8. After identifying the different variables and establishing the logical reasoning in the theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is to
    1. Use experiment in an investigation
      1. sequence correctly reflects a scientific investigation observation, conceptualization, theorizing, deduced consequence and method to verify them.
  9. References serve the purpose of
    1. Lending authenticity to the given content
      1. the following references is written according to American Psychological Association (APA) format Sharma, V. (2010). Fundamentals of Computer Science. New Delhi : Tata McGraw Hill
  10. In which of the following research studies interpretation and meaning get more attention than the formulation of generalization?
    1. Historical studies
    2. Philosophical studies
    3. Ethnographic studies
      1. Experimental and Ex-post facto research formats focuses on hypothesis testing and generalizations.
      2. Experimental research design includes
        1. Comparison
        2. Control
        3. Manipulation
        4. Generalization
  11. Sequence of research steps is logical –
    1. Problem formulation, Hypothesis making, Development of a Research design, Collection of data, Data analysis and formulation of generalizations and conclusions.
  12. The research design is specifically related to which of the following features in research?
    1. Sample selection
    2. Formulation of a plan
    3. Deciding about the tool for data collection
    4. The conceptual framework in which research is conducted is called a research design.
      1. The components of a research design are
        1. Comparison
        2. Control
        3. Manipulation
        4. Generalization.
  13. The formulation of a research problem can be compared to
    1. Laying the foundation of a building
      1. At the stage of identifying and defining a research problem – Ability to see and size up the situation creatively is most relevant.
      2. The most logical sequence in doing research
      3. Identifying and defining a research problem, formulating a hypothesis, testing of hypothesis, and reporting the results
  14. The identification of a research problem involves
    1. Selection of the academic area
    2. Demarcation of the study area
    3. Specific topics within the area
  15. Formulation of a research problem depends upon
    1. What is the object behind the researcher’s choice?
    2. What are the specific questions?
    3. What is the conceptual model?
    4. Construction of hypotheses.
  16. A hypothesis should be conceptually
    1. Simple, clear and specific
      1. A tentative proposition with unknown validity that specifies a relationship between two or more variables is called Research hypothesis.
  17. The study of ‘why does stress results in a heart attack’? Can be classified as
    1. Explanatory research
      1. Fundamental research – Developing an effective explanation through theory building.
      2. A tentative statement proving an explanation is hypothesis.
  18. Quantitative research is also called the Structured approach
    1. Qualitative researchers criticize quantitative research for its tendency towards Reductionism.
    2. purposive sampling in quantitative research.
  19. In the research method, generalizations may be made that will be applicable to other situations of the same type. What is this called?
    1. Case study
  20. Research that focuses on social inequality between men and women is called
    1. Feminist research
      1. A research design that needs to collect factual information on a continuing basis is classified longitudinal study design.
      2. While presenting the research outcomes and sharing the same with others, in which of the following research type, the style has to be impersonal Causal comparative based Ex post facto studies.
  21. The fishbowl draw is a method of drawing a/an
    1. Random sample
  22. In experimental research-based studies the observations derived from which the following variables are considered for statistical analysis?
    1. Dependent variable
      1. A variable that measures the effect of a manipulated variable, is known as Dependent variable.
      2. The experimental approach provides the strongest evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship between independent and dependent variables.
  23. A workshop is meant for
    1. Hands-on-experience.
    2. Distinct Feature – Target oriented group-based reflection
  24. A pilot study is also called a
    1. Feasibility study
  25. Which of the following research types has a potential for enhancing teaching experience?
    1. Action research
      1. The paradigm of research which focuses on the development of professional expertise of the researcher-practitioner is called Action research.
  26. The conceptual framework in which research is conducted is called a
    1. Research design
    1. A research design that needs to collect factual information on a continuing basis is classified: Longitudinal Study Design
    2. The components of a research design are
      1. Comparison
      2. Control
      3. Manipulation
      4. Generalization
  27. The time frame in which a study explores a situation or problem is called the Reference period.
  28. The major characteristic of correlation analysis is to seek out
    1. Association among variables
    2. Observational methods are used in both Correlational and experimental research.
      1. Using a scatterplot to graph your Correlational data – helps the direction of the relationship (positive or negative)
  29. In which of the following research paradigms the focus of concern is on interpreting reality in terms of participant’s perspective?
    1. Ethnographic Research
      1. A university department plans to undertake its study wherein attitudes, values and biases of teachers and students are to be probed with an eye on disclosing their patterns of adjustments. 
      2. Ethnographic method will be considered appropriate.
      3. Participant observation is a part of ethnographic research thereby Studying shared behavior patterns.
  30. A tentative proposition with unknown validity that specifies a relationship between two or more variables is called:
    1. Research hypothesis
      1. A researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis (Ho) in his/her research. thereby leading to reject the research hypothesis.
  31. ERIC, MEDLINE and ABI/INFORM are instances of:
    1. Electronic databases.

Methods of research:

  1. A tertiary source of data is
    1. Information derived from both primary and secondary sources.
      1. Primary Source – Mailed questionnaire observation, interview, and collective questionnaire
      2. Secondary source – Newspaper, Government Records etc.,
      3. So, tertiary source is used in Historical method – Establishing the patterns of events which have happened, through primary and secondary sources.
  2. Think aloud procedure is
    1. A technique used to investigate learner strategies
      1. After identifying the different variables and establishing the logical reasoning the theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is to Use experiment in an investigation.
      2. a scientific investigation involves
      3. observation, conceptualization, theorizing, deduced consequence and method to verify them.
  3. Mailed questionnaire observation, interview, and collective questionnaire are instances of
    1. Personal source
  4. A shift in attitude in respondents between two points during data collection is called
    1. Reactive effect
    2. Maturation effect
    3. Regression effect
    4. Conditioning effect

Steps of research:

  1. A good review of research literature aims at
    1. Generating research questions and validating those questions
    1. While reviewing literature stage in research one has to create a working thesis for the research paper by specifying and organizing the category of information.
  2. A researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis (Ho) in his/her research. What implications will it carry for his/her principle research hypothesis?
    1. Rejecting the research hypothesis
      1. If some one can prove the null hypothesis then primary hypothesis will fail.
      2. At the data-analysis stage a null hypothesis is advanced to find out the tenability of research hypothesis
      3. So, If null hypothesis is rejected, research hypothesis gets accepted.
  3. Which stage in research creates a working thesis for the research paper by Specifying and organizing the category of information?
    1. Review of literature
    2. The purpose of review of literature includes
      1. To understand the subject background
      2. To formulate research questions
      3. To find out the relevant methodology
      4. To identify the data sources.
  4. ‘spotting gaps’ in the research literature refers to
    1. Identifying under-researched areas.
    2. Identifying inconsistent findings in an area of research.
  5. The bibliography is given in a research report
    1. Helps those interested in further research
      1. working bibliography – It is a list of books and other sources a researcher wishes to read for the thesis.
      2. In finalizing a thesis writing format Bibliography and Appendices would form part of supplementary pages.
  6. During the research, while recording observations, if an observer refers to an individual based on the rating given in another aspect of interaction, this is termed as the Halo effect.
  7. When the researcher does not know the identity of the experimental and place groups, the study is termed as
    1. Double-blind.
  8. In research, reliability is the quality of a measurement procedure that provides
    1. Repeatability and accuracy
      1. A common test in research demands much priority on Reliability, and Objectivity
  9. A questionnaire that offers no scope for any respondent’s own view is called
    1. Closed-ended
    2. steps are required to design a questionnaire
      1. Writing primary and secondary aims of the study.
      2. Review of the current literature.
      3. Prepare a draft of questionnaire.
      4. Revision of the draft.
  10. A research design that needs to collect factual information on a continuing basis is classified:
    1. Longitudinal Study Design
      1. Longitudinal Method – Continuity of observations over time.
  11. Snowball sampling is the process of selecting a sample using:
    1. Networks
      1. Snowball sampling is one of the non-probability sampling.
      2. The sampling procedure that will be appropriate for conducting researches with empirical inductive research paradigm any of the non-probability sampling procedures.

Thesis and Article Writing:

  1. Participation in which of research plagiarism in research is
    1. Copying unscrupulously and making use of it
      1. Drawing information or content from the work of another without acknowledging involves
      1. Use the exact words of the author
      2. Reproducing a chart contained in another authors work.

Application of ICT in research:

  1. Position papers are
    1. Highlighting issues and depiction of status.
    2. A tentative proposition with unknown validity that specifies a relationship between two or more variables is called Research Hypothesis.
  2. Critical language testing in a research report is
    1. Testing language from an ethical point of view, revealing its misuse
    2. The style of writing a thesis and research article has to be scientific in respect of language used.

Research Ethics:

  1. Supervisor’s certification on the thesis
    1. Ensures originality of the work
      1. A research scholar finally reporting the research results in the form of a thesis acknowledges the support of his/her supervisor in the preface. This will be treated as a Part of ethicality.
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